50. Financial Administration
Case:
A foreign entrepreneur decides to establish a company in the Czech Republic. Before starting
business operations, they must register with the tax authority, comply with customs regulations for
imported goods, and open a bank account under the supervision of the Czech National Bank. The
Ministry of Finance sets the overall financial policy and supervises the system of financial
administration. Territorial financial authorities handle tax collection and control, while the
Customs Administration oversees imports and exports. The entrepreneur must understand how these
institutions interact, what their competences are, and how financial administration is legally
regulated in the Czech Republic.

Questions:
 1. Which authorities form the system of financial administration in the Czech Republic and what
are their competences?
 2. What is the legal position and role of the Czech National Bank within financial administration?

51. Procedural Financial Law
Case:
A company is subject to a tax audit, during which the tax authority applies procedures under the
Tax Code. The company argues that certain steps should instead follow the general Administrative
Procedure Code, especially regarding deadlines and the right to be heard. The dispute raises the
issue of whether the Tax Code is a special legal regulation (lex specialis) in relation to the
Administrative Procedure Code. The case also involves other procedural mechanisms, such as appeals
and review procedures, and highlights the specific nature of procedural financial law compared to
general administrative procedures.

Questions:
 1. What is the relationship between the Tax Code and the Administrative Procedure Code?
 2. Why is procedural financial law considered a special type of administrative procedure?

52. Financial Arbitrator
Case:
A consumer concludes a loan agreement with a bank but later discovers hidden fees that were not
clearly explained. Instead of going to court, the consumer files a complaint with the financial
arbitrator, who is an independent authority established to resolve disputes between consumers and
financial institutions. The arbitrator conducts arbitration proceedings based on principles such as
speed, informality, and consumer protection. The bank and the consumer participate as parties to
the proceedings. The case also illustrates the relationship between the financial arbitrator and
the central bank, as well as the legal effects of the arbitrator’s decision.

Questions:
 1. What is the role and legal status of the financial arbitrator?
 2. What are the main principles and participants of arbitration proceedings?

53. Tax Law (Berní právo)
Case:
A state introduces a new environmental tax aimed at reducing carbon emissions. The case examines
whether the payment qualifies as a tax in both economic and legal terms. It analyzes the
construction elements of the tax, such as the subject, object, tax base, and rate. The tax is then
classified within the broader tax system, for example as a direct or indirect tax. The case also
considers the sources of tax law, including statutes and regulations, and applies fundamental
principles such as legality, equality, and proportionality. Finally, it explores how tax law norms
are interpreted in practice.

Questions:
 1. What are the essential elements (construction elements) of a tax?
 2. How can taxes be classified within the tax system?

54. Tax Procedure
Case:
A taxpayer submits a tax return using self-assessment (auto-application), but the tax authority
later identifies discrepancies. It initiates tax proceedings to reassess the tax liability. The
process includes several stages, such as the initiation of proceedings, evidence gathering,
decision-making, and delivery of the decision. The taxpayer has the right to file an appeal as a
remedial measure. The case also demonstrates partial tax proceedings, such as assessment or
enforcement, and highlights the specific features of tax procedure compared to general
administrative proceedings.

Questions:
 1. What are the stages of tax proceedings?
 2. What remedies can a taxpayer use against a decision of the tax authority?

55. Search and Registration Activities
Case:
A person starts a small online business but fails to register for tax purposes. The tax authority,
through its search activity, identifies the unregistered business by analyzing transaction data. It
then initiates registration proceedings and formally registers the taxpayer. The case shows how the
tax authority actively seeks out taxpayers, verifies their obligations, and ensures proper
registration. It also demonstrates the legal framework governing these activities and the
obligations imposed on taxpayers.

Questions:
 1. What is the purpose of search activity in tax administration?
 2. How does the registration procedure of a taxpayer work?

56. Assessment Proceedings
Case:
A taxpayer calculates and declares their tax liability through self-assessment. However, the tax
authority reviews the declaration and finds inconsistencies. It initiates assessment proceedings to
determine the correct amount of tax. The case explores the relationship between self-assessment and
official assessment, including when the authority intervenes. It also describes key institutes of
the assessment process, such as evidence, tax audits, and additional assessment. The final decision
establishes the binding tax liability.

Questions:
 1. What is the relationship between self-assessment and assessment by the tax authority?
 2. What instruments does the tax authority use in assessment proceedings?

57. Tax Collection
Case:
A taxpayer fails to pay assessed taxes within the legal deadline. The tax authority records the tax
liability in its records and begins the collection process. It may impose penalties and interest
for late payment. If the taxpayer still does not comply, the authority can secure the tax through
measures such as liens or guarantees. Eventually, enforcement proceedings may be initiated,
including wage garnishment or seizure of property. The case illustrates the system of tax
collection, divided administration, and various enforcement mechanisms available under tax law.

Questions:
 1. What are the methods of tax collection and enforcement?
 2. How can the tax authority secure unpaid taxes?

58. Regulation of Taxes
Case:
An individual earns income from employment, owns real estate, and regularly purchases goods and
services. The case examines how different types of taxes apply: income tax on earnings, property
tax on real estate, and value-added tax on consumption. Each type of tax is governed by specific
legal regulations and has different characteristics, such as direct versus indirect taxation. The
case highlights how these taxes interact within the overall tax system and how they are
administered by financial authorities.

Questions:
 1. What is the difference between direct and indirect taxes?
 2. How are income, property, and consumption taxes regulated?

59. Environmental Law
Case:
A manufacturing company discharges pollutants into a river, causing environmental damage.
Authorities intervene based on environmental protection laws and impose sanctions. The case
demonstrates the development and purpose of environmental law, its sources, and its position within
the Czech legal system. It also applies key principles such as the precautionary principle, the
polluter pays principle, and sustainable development. The case shows how legal norms are used to
protect the environment and prevent further harm.

Questions:
 1. What are the main principles of environmental law?
 2. What is the position of environmental law within the Czech legal system?

60. Institutional Framework of Environmental Protection
Case:
A developer plans to build a large industrial complex near a protected natural area. Before
construction can begin, the project must be assessed by various environmental authorities. These
institutions evaluate the environmental impact, ensure compliance with legal regulations, and may
impose conditions or deny approval. The case illustrates the system of institutions responsible for
environmental protection and their roles in decision-making processes.

Questions:
 1. Which institutions are responsible for environmental protection?
 2. How do these institutions participate in decision-making processes?

40. Administrative Liability (Other Administrative Offences)
Case:
A company violates environmental regulations by improperly disposing of hazardous waste. The
authority does not classify the conduct as a minor offence (misdemeanor) but as another type of
administrative delict committed by a legal person. The case examines the concept of administrative
liability, its purpose (preventive and punitive), and its system, including liability of
individuals and legal entities. It also distinguishes different types of “other administrative
offences” and demonstrates both substantive (conditions of liability) and procedural aspects
(sanctioning process).

Questions:
 1. What is administrative liability and what are its main functions and subsystems?
 2. What are “other administrative offences” and how do they differ from misdemeanors?

41. Liability for Misdemeanors (Přestupky)
Case:
An individual exceeds the speed limit and is stopped by the police. The conduct is classified as a
misdemeanor. Administrative proceedings are initiated, and the individual may receive a fine or
other sanction. The case illustrates the concept and nature of liability for misdemeanors,
including its legal basis, sanctions, and procedural specifics such as simplified proceedings and
evidentiary rules.

Questions:
 1. What are the defining features of liability for misdemeanors?
 2. What are the specific procedural rules governing misdemeanor proceedings?

42. Administrative Procedure Code and Basic Principles
Case:
A citizen applies for a building permit. The administrative authority must follow the
Administrative Procedure Code, unless a special law provides otherwise. During the process, the
authority must respect fundamental principles such as legality, proportionality, protection of good
faith, and the right to be heard. The case demonstrates the scope of the Administrative Procedure
Code, its relationship to special laws, and the importance of basic principles guiding
administrative authorities.

Questions:
 1. What is the scope of application of the Administrative Procedure Code and its relationship to
special laws?
 2. What are the fundamental principles governing the activity of administrative authorities?

43. Administrative Proceedings – Subjects, Time Limits
Case:
A business applies for a license. The administrative authority determines its jurisdiction and
identifies the participants of the proceedings. During the process, time limits must be respected,
and the authority must ensure proper conduct of the proceedings. Issues such as exclusion of
officials due to bias, procedural capacity of participants, and their rights and obligations arise.
The case also includes steps taken before the formal initiation of proceedings.

Questions:
 1. Who are the subjects of administrative proceedings and what are their rights and obligations?
 2. How are time limits calculated and what is their importance in administrative proceedings?

44. Initiation and Course of Administrative Proceedings
Case:
Administrative proceedings are initiated upon an application by a citizen. During the process,
documents must be properly delivered, and an oral hearing may be held. The authority gathers
evidence and ensures sufficient grounds for decision-making. The proceedings may be interrupted or
even terminated under certain conditions. The case demonstrates the procedural steps and institutes
governing the course of administrative proceedings.

Questions:
 1. How are administrative proceedings initiated and what are their main stages?
 2. What procedural tools (e.g., delivery, hearings, interruption) are used during proceedings?

45. Decision (Rozhodnutí)
Case:
An administrative authority issues a decision denying a permit. The decision must include required
elements such as reasoning, operative part, and instruction on remedies. Once delivered, it may
become final and enforceable. The case also considers situations where a decision may be null
(void) or where the authority remains inactive, requiring legal protection.

Questions:
 1. What are the essential elements and legal effects of an administrative decision?
 2. What is nullity of a decision and how can a party seek protection against inactivity?

46. Review of Decisions (Administrative Procedure Code)
Case:
A participant disagrees with an administrative decision and files an appeal. The superior authority
reviews the decision and may confirm, change, or annul it. Additionally, extraordinary remedies
such as review proceedings or reopening of proceedings may apply. The case also includes the
situation where the authority satisfies the participant after a court action has been filed.

Questions:
 1. What are the ordinary and extraordinary remedies in administrative proceedings?
 2. What is the purpose of review and supervisory instruments?

47. Administrative Judiciary and Review
Case:
After exhausting administrative remedies, a person files a lawsuit before an administrative court
challenging the legality of a decision. The court reviews the decision and may annul it. The case
may continue with a cassation complaint before a higher court. The case also considers reopening of
proceedings and other forms of judicial protection in administrative matters.

Questions:
 1. How are administrative decisions reviewed in administrative judiciary?
 2. What is a cassation complaint and when can it be used?

48. Enforcement of Administrative Decisions
Case:
An individual is ordered to remove an illegal construction but fails to comply voluntarily. The
administrative authority initiates enforcement proceedings to ensure compliance. Different methods
of enforcement may be used, especially for non-monetary obligations. The case illustrates the
conditions, types, and legal consequences of enforcing administrative decisions.

Questions:
 1. What are the conditions and methods of enforcement of administrative decisions?
 2. What are the legal consequences of enforcement proceedings?

49. Ombudsman and Control of Public Administration
Case:
A citizen believes that an administrative authority acted unfairly and violated their rights. They
submit a complaint to the Public Defender of Rights (Ombudsman), who investigates the case and may
issue recommendations. At the same time, the Supreme Audit Office controls public finances. The
case also involves the use of petitions and complaints as tools of public control over
administration.

Questions:
 1. What is the role and legal position of the Ombudsman?
 2. How is public administration controlled through petitions, complaints, and audit institutions?

1. Employment Relationships (Pracovněprávní vztahy)
Case:
A company hires several employees for different positions. The HR department must manage employment
relationships, which include rights and obligations of employers and employees. Employment
relationships involve essential elements such as work performance, remuneration, and subordination.
The case also illustrates various types of employment relationships, including full-time,
part-time, fixed-term, and probationary arrangements.

Questions:
 1. What are the key elements of an employment relationship?
 2. What are the main types of employment relationships?

2. Sources of Labor Law (Prameny pracovního práva)
Case:
A new labor dispute arises over employee rights. The legal team consults multiple sources,
including the Labor Code, collective agreements, company regulations, and international treaties
ratified by the Czech Republic. The case demonstrates how different sources of labor law interact
and provide a legal framework for employment relations.

Questions:
 1. What are the main sources of labor law in the Czech Republic?
 2. How do international agreements influence national labor law?

3. Legal Facts Leading to the Establishment of Employment
Case:
An applicant signs an agreement with an employer and begins work after completing all formalities.
The case examines the legal facts that lead to the creation of an employment relationship, such as
mutual consent, acceptance of the job offer, and commencement of work. It also distinguishes
between formal requirements and substantive conditions for establishing employment.

Questions:
 1. What legal facts lead to the establishment of an employment relationship?
 2. What formal and substantive conditions are required for employment to begin?

4. Legal Instruments of Labor Process Management
Case:
The HR manager introduces a performance evaluation system to manage employees’ work. The system
involves assigning tasks, monitoring performance, and implementing disciplinary measures when
necessary. The case demonstrates the legal tools available for managing the work process while
respecting labor law, including instructions, internal regulations, and disciplinary procedures.

Questions:
 1. What are the main legal instruments for managing the labor process?
 2. How do these instruments balance employer authority and employee rights?

5. Control over Compliance with Labor Law
Case:
An inspector from the labor office visits a company to check whether labor law regulations are
being followed. They examine contracts, working hours, safety measures, and remuneration. The case
shows how labor law compliance is monitored, the powers of inspectors, and possible consequences of
violations.

Questions:
 1. How is compliance with labor law controlled?
 2. What powers do labor inspectors have during inspections?

6. Right to Work and Right to Employment
Case:
The government introduces programs to support employment for young people and people with
disabilities. The case examines the legal protection of the right to work, equal access to
employment, anti-discrimination rules, and current legal regulations ensuring employment
opportunities.

Questions:
 1. What is the legal framework for the right to work and employment?
 2. How are employment rights protected under current law?

7. Employment Contract (Pracovní smlouva)
Case:
An employer and employee sign an employment contract specifying the type of work, working hours,
salary, and probation period. The case demonstrates the essential content of an employment
contract, its legal effects, and the responsibilities of both parties under labor law.

Questions:
 1. What are the essential elements of an employment contract?
 2. What are the rights and obligations of employers and employees under a contract?

8. Trade Unions and Their Legal Forms
Case:
Employees form a trade union to negotiate better working conditions. The union participates in
collective bargaining, represents members in disputes, and engages in social dialogue with the
employer. The case illustrates the legal forms and activities of trade unions in labor relations.

Questions:
 1. What is the role of trade unions in labor relations?
 2. What legal forms can a trade union use to exercise its rights?

9. Work Obstacles (Překážky v práci)
Case:
An employee cannot perform work due to personal illness, parental leave, or official duties. The
employer must account for these obstacles and adjust work schedules accordingly. The case examines
the types of work obstacles recognized by labor law and their effects on employee rights and
employer obligations.

Questions:
 1. What are the legal types of obstacles to work?
 2. How do work obstacles affect rights and obligations of employees and employers?

10. Agreements on Work Performed Outside Employment (Dohody o pracích konaných mimo pracovní poměr)
Case:
A student agrees to perform short-term work for a company under a specific agreement instead of a
full employment contract. The case highlights agreements on work performed outside employment,
including their types, legal requirements, and differences from standard employment contracts.

Questions:
 1. What are agreements on work performed outside employment and how are they regulated?
 2. How do these agreements differ from standard employment contracts?

11. Employment Relationship – Characteristics and Types (Pracovní poměr)
Case:
A company employs several workers under different arrangements. Each employment relationship is
characterized by subordination, remuneration for work, and mutual rights and obligations. Some
employees have permanent full-time contracts, others are on fixed-term contracts, and some work
part-time. The case illustrates the defining features of an employment relationship and the
different types recognized under labor law.

Questions:
 1. What are the characteristic features of an employment relationship?
 2. What are the main types of employment relationships?

12. Legal Forms of Termination of Employment (Skončení pracovního poměru)
Case:
An employee decides to resign, while another is dismissed for disciplinary reasons. A third
employee’s fixed-term contract expires. The case demonstrates the different legal forms of ending
employment, including mutual agreement, notice, termination, and expiration of a fixed-term
contract, along with procedural requirements.

Questions:
 1. What are the legal forms of terminating an employment relationship?
 2. What are the procedural requirements for each type of termination?

13. Working Time and Rest Periods (Pracovní doba a doby odpočinku)
Case:
A company schedules employees for 40 hours per week. Some work overtime, while others take
statutory breaks and annual leave. The case illustrates the legal rules governing working hours,
rest periods, night work, overtime, and daily/weekly rest, ensuring compliance with labor law.

Questions:
 1. What are the main rules for working time and rest periods?
 2. How is overtime work regulated and compensated?

14. Basic Principles of Remuneration – Wage and Salary (Odměňování práce)
Case:
An employee receives a monthly salary and performance bonuses. The company ensures compliance with
minimum wage, equal pay, and timely payment requirements. The case demonstrates basic principles of
remuneration, including fairness, transparency, and legal distinctions between wages, salaries, and
other forms of compensation.

Questions:
 1. What are the fundamental principles of remuneration in labor law?
 2. What is the difference between wages and salary?

15. Working Conditions and Special Working Conditions (Pracovní podmínky)
Case:
A factory employs workers in standard and hazardous conditions. Some positions require protective
equipment, and special measures are taken to protect health and safety. The case illustrates the
legal rules on general and special working conditions, including occupational safety, work
environment standards, and employee protection.

Questions:
 1. What are the main requirements for working conditions under labor law?
 2. How are special working conditions regulated?

16. Liability and Compensation in Labor Law (Odpovědnost a náhrada škody)
Case:
An employee accidentally damages company property. The employer seeks compensation, while the
employee argues that liability should be limited. The case examines principles of liability,
differences between employer and employee responsibilities, and the mechanisms for compensation of
damage in labor law.

Questions:
 1. What are the main rules on liability and compensation in labor law?
 2. How is employee liability limited in case of damage to the employer?

17. Collective Bargaining and Legal Regulation of Collective Labor Disputes (Kolektivní
vyjednávání)
Case:
Employees’ representatives negotiate with management for higher wages and better working
conditions. A dispute arises and may escalate to a collective labor dispute. The case illustrates
collective bargaining procedures, the legal framework for resolving disputes, and the role of trade
unions in negotiations.

Questions:
 1. What is collective bargaining and how is it legally regulated?
 2. How are collective labor disputes resolved under labor law?

18. Collective Agreements (Kolektivní smlouvy)
Case:
A company signs a collective agreement with a trade union to establish workplace rules, benefits,
and procedures. The case demonstrates the legal nature of collective agreements, their binding
effects on parties, and their role in supplementing labor law protections.

Questions:
 1. What is a collective agreement and what is its legal effect?
 2. How do collective agreements interact with statutory labor law?

19. Transfer of Rights and Obligations from Employment Relationships (Přechod práv a povinností)
Case:
A company is sold to a new owner, and employees continue working under the same conditions. The
case illustrates the legal rules governing the transfer of employment rights and obligations,
ensuring protection of employees during business transfers.

Questions:
 1. How are rights and obligations transferred in employment relationships during business changes?
 2. What protections are provided to employees under such transfers?

20. Basic Principles and Functions of Social Security Law (Právo sociálního zabezpečení)
Case:
An employee contributes to social security, receives unemployment benefits, and later retires with
a pension. The case illustrates the principles of social security law, including universality,
solidarity, and legal protection, as well as its functions in providing economic security, social
protection, and welfare.

Questions:
 1. What are the basic principles of social security law?
 2. What are the main functions of social security systems?

21. Social Security Relationships (Právní vztahy sociálního zabezpečení)
Case:
An employee contributes to social security and later claims sickness benefits. The case examines
the legal relationships between insured persons, employers, and social security institutions. It
demonstrates how social security rights and obligations are established, modified, and enforced
under Czech law.

Questions:
 1. What are the main legal relationships in the social security system?
 2. How are rights and obligations in social security established and enforced?

22. Temporary Work Incapacity and Disability (Dočasná pracovní neschopnost a invalidita)
Case:
An employee falls ill and submits a medical certificate to the employer. Later, they are assessed
for partial disability. The case illustrates the legal framework for temporary incapacity,
procedures for claiming benefits, and the rules for establishing disability under social security
law.

Questions:
 1. What are the rules governing temporary work incapacity and sickness benefits?
 2. How is disability determined and what legal consequences does it have?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

23. Old Age and Retirement Pension (Starobní věk a starobní důchod)
Case:
A person reaches retirement age and applies for an old-age pension. The case demonstrates the legal
criteria for retirement, eligibility for pensions, calculation of benefits, and the interaction
between employment and social security rights.

Questions:
 1. What are the legal requirements for receiving an old-age pension?
 2. How are pension benefits calculated and administered?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

24. Organization and Administration of Social Security in the Czech Republic
Case:
A person applies for unemployment benefits and contacts the relevant social security institution.
The case illustrates the structure and responsibilities of social security institutions, their
administrative procedures, and the legal framework ensuring proper administration of social
benefits.

Questions:
 1. How is social security organized and administered in the Czech Republic?
 2. What are the responsibilities of social security institutions?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

25. Private Law – Subject Matter and Basic Principles (Soukromé právo)
Case:
Two individuals enter a contract for the sale of a car. The case illustrates the scope of private
law, including protection of private rights, application of civil law rules, and basic principles
such as autonomy of will, equality of parties, and good faith.

Questions:
 1. What is the subject matter of private law and its basic principles?
 2. How are private rights protected under civil law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. Persons in Legal Terms – Status of Natural Persons
Case:
A newborn acquires rights such as name, nationality, and inheritance rights. Later, the person
exercises personal rights like privacy and protection of reputation. The case illustrates legal
status of natural persons, family rights, personality rights, and protection of human dignity.

Questions:
 1. What are the main status rights of natural persons?
 2. How are personality and family rights protected under private law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. Status of Legal Entities (Právnické osoby)
Case:
A foundation is established to support education, a corporation operates a business, and an
institute conducts research. The case examines the creation, legal capacity, rights, and
obligations of legal entities, including corporations, foundations, and institutes.

Questions:
 1. What are the main status issues of legal entities?
 2. How do different types of legal persons (corporation, foundation, institute) differ legally?

28. Representation – Contractual and Statutory, Guardianship (Zastoupení)
Case:
A parent signs a contract on behalf of a minor child, and a guardian manages the property of an
incapacitated adult. The case illustrates contractual and statutory representation, legal effects
of acts performed by representatives, and rules governing guardianship.

Questions:
 1. What are the types of legal representation and their effects?
 2. How does guardianship operate under private law?

29. Things in Legal Terms – Division, Components, Accessories (Věci)
Case:
An apartment includes permanent fixtures and movable furniture. The case illustrates the
classification of things, distinguishing between real property, movable property, parts of things,
and accessories. It demonstrates the legal rules regarding ownership and rights in relation to
these categories.

Questions:
 1. How are things classified in legal terms?
 2. What is the difference between a part of a thing and an accessory?

30. Private Law Facts – Legal Acts, Legal Events, Limitation (Soukromoprávní skutečnosti)
Case:
Two parties enter a contract, but the contract later becomes invalid due to a legal defect.
Separately, an inheritance occurs automatically by operation of law. The case illustrates
private-law facts, including legal acts, their interpretation, form requirements, invalidity, legal
events, and the effects of limitation and preclusion.

Questions:
 1. What are the types of private-law facts and how are legal acts interpreted?
 2. What is the difference between legal acts, legal events, limitation, and preclusion?

1. Concept, Subject, System of Commercial Law, and Its Place in the Czech Legal System
Case:
A newly established company plans to operate in multiple industries, providing goods and services
domestically and abroad. The legal team must consider the entire system of commercial law, its
sources, and the applicable norms. Commercial law regulates legal relationships arising from
business activities, including contracts, corporate structures, and commercial obligations. The
lawyer reviews statutory provisions, regulations, and the influence of customary commercial
practices. The case illustrates how commercial law fits within the broader Czech legal system, its
relationship to civil law, and the importance of commercial customs in daily business operations.

Questions:
 1. What is commercial law, what does it regulate, and how is it structured within the Czech legal
system?
 2. How do statutory rules and commercial customs interact in business regulation?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Subjects of Legal Relationships Related to Business. Conduct of Entrepreneurs
Case:
An entrepreneur enters into multiple transactions, both as a natural person and through their newly
incorporated company. The case examines who qualifies as a subject of commercial law, including
legal entities, partnerships, and other organizations engaged in business. It also considers the
legal significance of the entrepreneur’s actions, authority to act on behalf of a company, and
consequences of exceeding legal powers. Issues such as liability, representation, and contractual
capacity are analyzed in context.

Questions:
 1. Who are the subjects of legal relationships in commercial law, and what rights and obligations
do they have?
 2. What legal rules govern the conduct of entrepreneurs in business transactions?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Legal Means of Protecting Third Parties in Commercial Law
Case:
A creditor enters into contracts with a company based on information published in the commercial
register. Later, disputes arise concerning undisclosed agreements and corporate changes. The case
explores mechanisms to protect third parties, including mandatory disclosure of information about
entrepreneurs, rules under partnership law, and regulations in competition law. It demonstrates how
transparency and legal safeguards prevent harm to third parties and ensure trust in business
relations.

Questions:
 1. How are third parties protected in commercial law through disclosure requirements?
 2. What special rules apply to protection of third parties in corporate and competition law?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Designation of Entrepreneurs, Products, and Services; Related Legal Relationships
Case:
A company launches a new brand of electronic devices and registers its trademark. Competitors
attempt to use similar names and imitate packaging. The case analyzes legal rules regarding company
names, trademarks, and geographical indications of products. It also examines licensing agreements
and protection against unfair competition, illustrating how commercial law secures the identity and
reputation of businesses and their products.

Questions:
 1. How does commercial law regulate the designation of entrepreneurs, their products, and
services?
 2. What legal mechanisms protect trademarks, product origin, and licensed rights?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Competition Law (Právo hospodářské soutěže)
Case:
Two competing companies are accused of collusion and price-fixing in violation of competition law.
The legal team evaluates the general principles of competitive behavior, sources of competition
law, and types of illegal practices. The case examines unfair competition, abuse of dominant
position, cartel agreements, and other acts that disrupt equal competition. It also considers
remedies and sanctions for violations of competition rules.

Questions:
 1. What is the scope and structure of competition law, and what are its main sources?
 2. What are the typical forms of unfair competition and conduct that disrupts market equality?

6. Securities (Cenné papíry)
Case:
A company issues bonds to raise capital, and investors purchase shares and options. The case
examines the types of securities, legal requirements for issuance, rights attached to securities,
and obligations of issuers. It also analyzes the regulatory framework ensuring investor protection,
transparency, and proper market functioning.

Questions:
 1. What are the main types of securities, and what legal rules govern their issuance and transfer?
 2. How does commercial law protect the rights of investors in securities markets?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Public Law Elements in Commercial Law
Case:
A business is investigated by regulatory authorities for antitrust violations and compliance with
capital market rules. The case demonstrates the intersection of commercial law with public law,
including oversight of competition, regulation of financial markets, and protection of stakeholders
in commercial relationships. Public-law instruments ensure fairness, legal certainty, and
accountability in business operations.

Questions:
 1. What are the public-law elements present in commercial law?
 2. How do authorities oversee competition and the rights of business entities?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Commercial Corporations – Establishment, Contribution, Capital, Shares, Corporate Bodies
Case:
A group of entrepreneurs forms a joint-stock company. They make initial contributions to capital,
allocate shares, and appoint members of corporate bodies. One member is later removed from the
board for misconduct. The case examines corporate formation, contributions, capital requirements,
shares, rights and duties of shareholders, corporate governance, and rules for removing members
from corporate bodies. It also discusses business associations and their legal implications.

Questions:
 1. What are the legal requirements for establishing a commercial corporation and its capital
structure?
 2. What are the powers and responsibilities of corporate bodies, and how can a member be removed?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. General Partnership (Veřejná obchodní společnost)
Case:
Several partners form a general partnership to run a consulting business. The case examines the
formation, legal personality, liability of partners, governance, profit-sharing, and obligations
toward third parties. It highlights the personal liability of partners, internal decision-making,
and statutory obligations for registration and disclosure.

Questions:
 1. What are the legal characteristics of a general partnership and its partners’ liability?
 2. How are management and profit-sharing regulated in a general partnership?
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10. Limited Partnership (Komanditní společnost) and Limited Partner Contribution
Case:
A limited partnership is established with one general partner and several limited partners. The
limited partners make financial contributions known as the komanditní suma. The case explores
formation requirements, roles of general and limited partners, contribution obligations, liability
for company debts, and management rules. The case demonstrates the balance between risk and control
in limited partnerships.

Questions:
 1. What are the roles and responsibilities of general and limited partners in a limited
partnership?
 2. How is the limited partner’s contribution (komanditní suma) defined and what are its legal
consequences?