Meaning of European Integration Lecture presentation CEVRO University Lecture Overview •Historical models of European unity •From imperial domination to institutional integration •Key figures and turning points Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Lecture Overview' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Europe: A Continent of States •Europe consists of about 48 sovereign states •Large differences in population, territory and power •Political fragmentation shaped European history Linguistic Diversity •Europe is the most linguistically diverse continent •EU alone recognizes 24 official languages •Cultural differences complicate political unity Three Models of European Unity •Imperial •Military •Institutional Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Three Models of European Unity' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Integrations •European history shows three different models of unity: •Empire — Roman Empire •Christian empire — Charlemagne •Institutional integration — European Union •The EU represents the first attempt to organize Europe without military domination. • The Roman Empire https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/JKUo5dOgxmC-VgYEByO1wI-hGFQqThwOFAH4M0pdMFFE899mbkF8ixBS8MGN Er6LmqLzsr7oELBhjr9IWTIKHONzepovcUN81yZ_vR5l6vU?purpose=fullsize&v=1 Roman Empire •Characteristics •first large political unification of Europe •centralized imperial administration •Roman law and infrastructure •imperial authority of the emperor • Timeline of European Unification Attempts •476 Fall of Western Roman Empire •800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor •962 Holy Roman Empire •1815 Fall of Napoleon •1945 End of WWII •1951 ECSC •1993 Maastricht Treaty Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Timeline of European Unification Attempts' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/VT2m-zZ5UGQY950MMMJMl_9yfV8hsRJKj3A61XdTVNO3C_9XI_FczfQn9pMc -pkgBO7oXM7uqRLFJraxsvqruYhLIHo8J_hOBoQx1k-t89U?purpose=fullsize&v=1 Charlemagne Charlemagne •Characteristics •revival of Western Roman imperial idea •Christian political order •alliance between emperor and papacy •administrative reforms • FRANCE-HISTORY-NAPOLEON-ANNIVERSARY Napolen Roman Empire: Political Unity •First large-scale European political order •Roman law and administration •Infrastructure integration Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Roman Empire: Political Unity' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/Fb958VHDqcx8-BaaymyaP_lG2LUFjAZSin5I7r8Pf3NcNLN1fYMedENU_CtC EkOcO4N8M59frxvcQgq30xqvPtl3QmYTiHg3QZglz5zeofE?purpose=fullsize&v=1 Charlemagne’s Empire Soubor:Holy Roman Empire 1648.svg – Wikipedie Holy Roman Empire Map of the Napoleonic Empire in 1812, chromolithograph, published 1900 Napoleonic Europe (1812 https://www.emersonkent.com/images/europe_1919.jpg Europe after WWI Soubor:Europe under Nazi domination.png – Wikipedie Nazi Europe Ad Hoc Cooperation •European states historically cooperated only temporarily •Alliances were driven by immediate interests •Long‑term institutions were rare before the 20th century Sovereignty as the Basis of Cooperation •European states remained sovereign •Integration developed through voluntary cooperation •Shared institutions emerged gradually War and Peace Cycles •European history marked by repeated wars •Major conflicts reshaped the political order •Peace settlements often unstable Attempts to Unify Europe by Force •Napoleon attempted continental domination •Hitler attempted violent unification during WWII •Military domination proved unsustainable Treaty of Versailles (1919) •Ended World War I •Imposed heavy reparations on Germany •Created instability in Europe https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hal l_of_Mirrors.jpg Treaty of Versailles (1919) League of Nations •First international organization for collective security •Lacked enforcement mechanisms •Failed to prevent World War II https://www.npu.cz/pamatky/kunstat/zpravy/Richard%20Mikulas%20Coudenhove-Kalergi/image-thumb__14252 0__OgTagImage/4..webp Richard Coudenhove‑Kalergi Paneuropean Idea •Richard Coudenhove‑Kalergi proposed European unity •Pan‑European movement founded in 1923 •Inspired later integration projects Locarno Pact: The Treaty that Won the Nobel Peace Prize - World History Encyclopedia Locarno Treaties Locarno Treaties (1925) •Attempt to stabilize post‑war Europe •Germany accepted western borders •Failed to prevent later conflict 19th Century Europe •Rise of nationalism •Industrial transformation Speaker notes: Explain the significance of '19th Century Europe' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/IXRkPFAxOFpjVkQDD8R6UDMA16tY6gKkis60OjAyzMFjZ3pzv5Sc7fP72Q81 KdlmivCbmd2lypScn4PaVsMUPuguUl50tjC28tkxUw0bn3o?purpose=fullsize&v=1 Adolf Hitler Rise of Nazism •Economic crisis and political radicalization •Hitler came to power in 1933 •Led to expansion and war Nazi Vision of Europe •Neuordnung Europas •Totalitarian domination Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Nazi Vision of Europe' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/P4bHaF79YT4O7TZLt60oxsphdSXjWi8-b8Xbz0cuLHgJymS-RdVu5K3KKPSJ O971-KeHqF86hjkPiDVOzG9p23JPjkQ4RHQFYs0L1oxJ_po?purpose=fullsize&v=1 Yalta Conference Yalta Conference (1945) •Allied leaders discussed post‑war order •Division of influence in Europe •Beginning of Cold War structure Winston Churchill - Wikipedia Winston Churchill Potsdam Conference (1945) •Defined post‑war policy toward Germany •Demilitarization and denazification •Confirmed division of Europe Creation of the United Nations •Founded in 1945 •Goal: maintain international peace •Central institution of global governance https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/eckuUVfubyXjAazsmfsMKighE6y-e0uFvRbpWGrcEFit-J2gfejTenonNt1S 1M5wu81Nt_Wh3BVUNcoHpaoCWT0nkmsWIG97FRcCTzGCRcg?purpose=fullsize&v=1 UN Security Council https://images.openai.com/static-rsc-3/eckuUVfubyXjAazsmfsMKighE6y-e0uFvRbpWGrcEFit-J2gfejTenonNt1S 1M5wu81Nt_Wh3BVUNcoHpaoCWT0nkmsWIG97FRcCTzGCRcg?purpose=fullsize&v=1 UN Security Council •Responsible for international peace •Five permanent members with veto •Reflects post‑WWII power balance Post‑War Reconstruction •Political devastation •Need for stable peace Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Post‑War Reconstruction' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. US-GEORGE C. MARSHALL-MARSHALL PLAN George Marshall Marshall Plan •US economic assistance •Stimulated European cooperation Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Marshall Plan' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Marshall Plan •US program for European reconstruction •Encouraged economic cooperation •Stabilized Western Europe Cold War Europe •Division East vs West Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Cold War Europe' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Founders of European Integration •Jean Monnet •Robert Schuman Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Founders of European Integration' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Jean Monnet Jean Monet Jean Monnet •Architect of supranational integration •Promoted economic cooperation •Key strategist of European unity FRANCE-EUROPE-SCHUMAN Robert Schuman Robert Schuman •French foreign minister •Author of the Schuman Declaration •Initiated European integration Schuman Declaration 1950 •Coal and steel integration proposal Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Schuman Declaration 1950' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Schuman Declaration (1950) •Coal and steel integration proposal •Aimed to make war impossible •Foundation of ECSC Konrad Adenauer Konrad Adenauer Konrad Adenauer •German Chancellor •Promoted reconciliation with France •Supported European integration Soubor:Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg – Wikipedie Alcide De Gasperi Alcide De Gasperi •Italian prime minister •Advocated democratic reconstruction •Founding father of Europe European Coal and Steel Community •Founded in 1951 •Integrated key industries •First supranational European institution European Coal and Steel Community •First supranational institution Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'European Coal and Steel Community' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. COMECON •Eastern bloc economic organization •Created by Soviet Union •Counterpart to Western integration Paul-Henri Spaak Henri Spaak Paul‑Henri Spaak •Belgian statesman •Key negotiator of Rome Treaties •Important federalist thinker Treaties of Rome •European Economic Community •Common market Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Treaties of Rome' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Treaties of Rome (1957) •Created the EEC •Established common market •Major milestone of integration Charles De Gaulle Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle •Promoted Europe of sovereign states •Strengthened French role •Opposed excessive supranationalism FRANCE-MITTERRAND-PORTRAIT Francois Mitterand François Mitterrand •Supported European monetary union •Strengthened Franco‑German partnership Helmut Kohl Helmut Kohl Helmut Kohl •German Chancellor •Supported EU expansion and euro •Architect of German reunification EURO-DELORS Jaque Delors Jacques Delors •President of the European Commission •Architect of the Single Market •Prepared foundations of the euro GERMANY-POLITICS-AWARD-MERKEL Angela Merkel Angela Merkel •Central EU leader during crises •Advocated European stability •Promoted EU cohesion Tony Blair Tony Blair Tony Blair •Supported EU enlargement •Promoted EU‑US cooperation European Community Expansion •1973, 1981, 1986 enlargements Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'European Community Expansion' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. Maastricht Treaty •Creation of European Union Speaker notes: Explain the significance of 'Maastricht Treaty' in the broader history of European attempts at unity. Connect the topic to the transition from imperial domination to institutional integration. The European Union Countries EU Today